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The collection conditions were cloud and fog-free between the aircraft and the ground; streams must be within their banks; and low tide acquisition if at all possible.

Data voids within a single swath were avoided whenever possible. Acceptable void areas are caused by a water body; areas of low near infrared (NIR) reflectivity such as asphalt or composition roofing and where appropriately filled in by another swath. Unfortunately, during the LiDAR acquisition there were a few mountain peaks where the clouds never lifted high enough to collect LiDAR.

In order to post process the LiDAR data to meet task order specifications, Photo Science, Inc. established control points that were used to calibrate the LiDAR to known ground locations established on Tutuila. Please see the survey report for more details in the URLs section.

The dataset was developed based on a horizontal projection/datum of UTM NAD83 (PACP00), UTM Zone 2, meters. The vertical datum used during the collection, varied by island. NAVD88 (ASVD02), meters was used for the island of Tutuila (and Aunu'u). NAVD1988 (GEOID09), meters was used for the islands of Ofu, Olosega and Tau. Rose atoll was adjusted from Ellipsoid heights to a mean low water (MLW) datum (see lineage steps for details).</gco:CharacterString>
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Classified LAS files are used to show the manually reviewed bare earth surface. This allows the user to create Intensity Images, Breaklines and Raster DEM.</gco:CharacterString>
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                     <gmd:title>
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                        <gmd:CI_Date>
                           <gmd:date>
                              <gco:Date>2017-04-24</gco:Date>
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         </gmd:descriptiveKeywords>
         <gmd:descriptiveKeywords>
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               <gmd:keyword>
                  <gco:CharacterString>DEMs</gco:CharacterString>
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               <gmd:type>
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               <gmd:usageDateTime>
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               </gmd:usageDateTime>
               <gmd:userDeterminedLimitations>
                  <gco:CharacterString>Metadata from the lidar contractor states that Rose Atoll was delivered in Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW), but it not clear how that is possible. The issue is being investigated, but it is more likely that GEOID09 was applied to the NAD83(P00) ellipsoid heights.</gco:CharacterString>
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               <gmd:otherConstraints>
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         <gmd:resourceConstraints>
            <gmd:MD_Constraints>
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         <gmd:resourceConstraints>
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         <gmd:resourceConstraints>
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               <gmd:useConstraints>
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         <gmd:resourceConstraints>
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                  <gco:CharacterString>Distribution Liability: Any conclusions drawn from the analysis of this information are not the responsibility of the Office for Coastal Management or its partners.</gco:CharacterString>
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         <gmd:resourceConstraints>
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                              <gmd:CI_Contact>
                                 <gmd:onlineResource>
                                    <gmd:CI_OnlineResource>
                                       <gmd:linkage>
                                          <gmd:URL>https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/inportserve/waf/noaa/nos/ocm/dmp/pdf/52876.pdf</gmd:URL>
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            <gco:CharacterString>eng; US</gco:CharacterString>
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            <gmd:EX_Extent>
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                     <gmd:eastBoundLongitude>
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               <gmd:temporalElement>
                  <gmd:EX_TemporalExtent>
                     <gmd:extent>
                        <gml:TimeInstant gml:id="boundingTemporalExtent-1-1">
                           <gml:description> | Currentness: Ground Condition</gml:description>
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               <gmd:temporalElement>
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                     <gmd:extent>
                        <gml:TimeInstant gml:id="boundingTemporalExtent-1-2">
                           <gml:description> | Currentness: Ground Condition</gml:description>
                           <gml:timePosition>2012-06-27</gml:timePosition>
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               <gmd:temporalElement>
                  <gmd:EX_TemporalExtent>
                     <gmd:extent>
                        <gml:TimeInstant gml:id="boundingTemporalExtent-1-3">
                           <gml:description> | Currentness: Ground Condition</gml:description>
                           <gml:timePosition>2012-07-05</gml:timePosition>
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         <gmd:supplementalInformation>
            <gco:CharacterString>There were seven lifts flown out of Pago Pago International Airport for Tutuila and Aunuu and Fitiuta Airport for Ofu, Olosega,
Tau and Rose Atoll collection.
Base stations were set up at the airports and sensor Serial Number 246 was used for all flights:
June 25, 2012 A
June 25, 2012 B
June 25, 2012 C
June 27, 2012
July 5, 2012 A
July 5, 2012 B
July 5, 2012 C

</gco:CharacterString>
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                                    <gco:CharacterString>(843) 740-1202</gco:CharacterString>
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                           </gmd:phone>
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                                    <gco:CharacterString>Charleston</gco:CharacterString>
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            <gmd:MD_DigitalTransferOptions>
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                        <gmd:URL>https://noaa-nos-coastal-lidar-pds.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/dem/AmSam_DEM_2012_8543/index.html</gmd:URL>
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               <gmd:result gco:nilReason="missing"/>
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               <gmd:result gco:nilReason="missing"/>
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         <gmd:report>
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               </gmd:nameOfMeasure>
               <gmd:evaluationMethodDescription>
                  <gco:CharacterString>The reported RMSEz value was determined using the calibration control points, and not the Blind Control. The calibration control
points are the same points that were used to remove any bias in the dataset before bare earth editing.

The islands control were measured with Ofu and Olosega; Tau; and Tutuila and Aunuu. The RMSE for each island:
Ofu and Olosega RMSE 0.074 m.
Tau RMSE 0.072 m.
Tutuila and Aunuu RMSE 0.067 m.

The listed RMSEz value shown below was calculated from the ground (ASPRS Class 2) data in the final Classified LAS files
and is an average of the above RMSE values.
; Quantitative Value: 0.071 meters, Test that produced the value: RMSE in meters, as calculated from Classified LAS files</gco:CharacterString>
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                  <gco:CharacterString>Completeness Report</gco:CharacterString>
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               <gmd:result gco:nilReason="missing"/>
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         <gmd:report>
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               <gmd:evaluationMethodDescription>
                  <gco:CharacterString>Raw Flightlines, Classified LAS files, Breaklines, and Raster DEMs were tested by Photo Science for vertical accuracy.
Although collected on a tile-by-tile basis, breaklines are merged together to produce a single deliverable dataset. Checks are done to
ensure that the data is seamless from one tile to the next before being combined and that breaklines meeting the project requirements
have been collected across the entire project area.

Combining the breaklines with LiDAR data to create other deliverables is another check of the data. All data are seamless from one
tile to the next, no gaps or no data areas whenever possible. Unfortunately, during the LiDAR acquisition there were a few mountain
peaks where the clouds never lifted high enough to collect LiDAR.</gco:CharacterString>
               </gmd:evaluationMethodDescription>
               <gmd:result gco:nilReason="missing"/>
            </gmd:DQ_ConceptualConsistency>
         </gmd:report>
         <gmd:lineage>
            <gmd:LI_Lineage>
               <gmd:statement gco:nilReason="missing"/>
               <gmd:processStep>
                  <gmd:LI_ProcessStep>
                     <gmd:description>
                        <gco:CharacterString>Control Process:
Photo Science, Inc. established control points on Tutuila that were used to calibrate the LiDAR to known ground locations to be used in the post processing of the LiDAR data. The points were located on relatively flat terrain on surfaces that generally consisted of grass, gravel, pavement or bare earth and were in well-defined discrete locations.

Raw Flight Line Process:
Applanix software was used in the post processing of the airborne GPS and inertial data that is critical to the positioning and orientation of the sensor during all flights. POSPac MMS provides the smoothed best estimate of trajectory (SBET) that is necessary for Optech's post processor to develop the point cloud from the LiDAR missions. The point cloud is the mathematical three dimensional collection of all returns from all laser pulses as determined from the aerial mission. At this point this data is ready for analysis, classification, and filtering to generate a bare earth surface model in which the above ground features are
removed from the data set. The point cloud was manipulated within the Optech software; GeoCue, TerraScan, and TerraModeler software was used for the automated data classification, manual cleanup, and bare earth generation from this data. Project specific macros were used to classify the ground and to remove the side overlap between parallel flight lines. All data were manually reviewed and any remaining artifacts removed using functionality provided by TerraScan and TerraModeler.

Classified LAS Process:
All ground (ASPRS Class 2) LiDAR data inside of the Lake Pond and Double Line Drain hydro flattening breaklines were then classified to water (ASPRS Class 9) using TerraScan macro functionality. A buffer of 1 meter was also used around each hydro flattened feature to classify these ground (ASPRS Class 2) points to ignored ground (ASPRS Class 10). All Lake Pond Island and Double Line Drain Island features were checked to ensure that the ground (ASPRS Class 2) were reclassified to the correct classification after the automated classification was completed. A description of each deliverable class can be found below:

Class 1 - Unclassified points; includes non-ground points such as buildings and vegetation.
Class 2 - Ground points
Class 7 - Noise points; includes all high and low noise points that do not represent legitimate features.
Class 9 - Water points
Class 10 - Ignored Ground points; includes all ground points that fall within a 1 meter buffer around any hydro breakline feature.
Classifying these points aids in the hydro flattened DEM creation.
Class 17 - Overlap Unclassified points; Overlap points that represent non-ground features.
Class 18 - Overlap Ground points; Overlap points that represent the ground surface. These points were classified
based on their x,y and z proximity to the Class 2 ground points. No manual cleanup was performed on these points.

All overlap data was processed through automated functionality provided by TerraScan to classify the overlapping flight line data to class.

Data was then run through additional macros to ensure deliverable classification levels matching the ASPRS LAS Version 1.2 Classification structure. GeoCue functionality was then used to ensure correct LAS Versioning. In-house software was used as a final QA/QC check to provide LAS Analysis of the delivered tiles. QA/QC checks were performed on a per tile level to verify final classification metrics and full LAS header information.</gco:CharacterString>
                     </gmd:description>
                     <gmd:dateTime>
                        <gco:DateTime>2012-01-01T00:00:00</gco:DateTime>
                     </gmd:dateTime>
                  </gmd:LI_ProcessStep>
               </gmd:processStep>
               <gmd:processStep>
                  <gmd:LI_ProcessStep>
                     <gmd:description>
                        <gco:CharacterString>Rose Atoll was adjusted to an approximate mean low water datum (MLW) to meet project needs. This was done by
using a shapefile that was acquired at the approximate MLW (determined in the field during the GPS work) on Rose and draped that 2D polygon over the LiDAR data that exists in ellipsoidal heights.  In doing so we extracted ellipsoidal elevations along that shapefile, effectively converting it into a 3D polygon.  Overall, the results of this are very good.  The average ellipsoidal elevation of the polygonal boundary is 22.84 meters with a standard deviation of 0.22 meters.  We do think these statistics can be improved somewhat by eliminating some of the points from this analysis where the polygon appears to move up from what we infer as the water line.  There are also some points along one side of the island that appear to be a bit low.</gco:CharacterString>
                     </gmd:description>
                     <gmd:dateTime>
                        <gco:DateTime>2013-02-15T00:00:00</gco:DateTime>
                     </gmd:dateTime>
                  </gmd:LI_ProcessStep>
               </gmd:processStep>
               <gmd:processStep>
                  <gmd:LI_ProcessStep>
                     <gmd:description>
                        <gco:CharacterString>The NOAA Office for Coastal Management (OCM) received the files in ERDAS img format. Files were converted to cloud optimized GeoTiff format using GDAL.</gco:CharacterString>
                     </gmd:description>
                     <gmd:dateTime>
                        <gco:DateTime>2018-06-13T00:00:00</gco:DateTime>
                     </gmd:dateTime>
                     <gmd:processor>
                        <gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
                           <gmd:organisationName>
                              <gco:CharacterString>NOAA Office for Coastal Management</gco:CharacterString>
                           </gmd:organisationName>
                           <gmd:contactInfo>
                              <gmd:CI_Contact>
                                 <gmd:phone>
                                    <gmd:CI_Telephone>
                                       <gmd:voice>
                                          <gco:CharacterString>(843) 740-1202</gco:CharacterString>
                                       </gmd:voice>
                                    </gmd:CI_Telephone>
                                 </gmd:phone>
                                 <gmd:address>
                                    <gmd:CI_Address>
                                       <gmd:electronicMailAddress>
                                          <gco:CharacterString>coastal.info@noaa.gov</gco:CharacterString>
                                       </gmd:electronicMailAddress>
                                    </gmd:CI_Address>
                                 </gmd:address>
                              </gmd:CI_Contact>
                           </gmd:contactInfo>
                           <gmd:role>
                              <gmd:CI_RoleCode codeList="http://www.isotc211.org/2005/resources/Codelist/gmxCodelists.xml#gmd:CI_RoleCode"
                                               codeListValue="processor">processor</gmd:CI_RoleCode>
                           </gmd:role>
                        </gmd:CI_ResponsibleParty>
                     </gmd:processor>
                  </gmd:LI_ProcessStep>
               </gmd:processStep>
            </gmd:LI_Lineage>
         </gmd:lineage>
      </gmd:DQ_DataQuality>
   </gmd:dataQualityInfo>
</gmi:MI_Metadata>
